in the introduction correspond one-to-one with the references at the end; figures and tables each have their own numbers, and the in-text references to "Figure 1" and "Table 1" are all correct; equations (1) and (2) are cited by \eqref in parenthesized form.
This article assembles all the knowledge from the previous ten articles: using a multi-file project, it typesets from scratch a complete short paper with an abstract, equations, figures and tables, and references.
We recommend following along — understanding by reading is not the same as being able to write. Once you've gone through the complete workflow, LaTeX truly belongs to you.
Project Structure
First plan the directory structure: separate the skeleton from the content, with one file per chapter.
paper/
├── main.tex # 骨架：导言区 + 按顺序组装各章节
├── refs.bib # 参考文献数据库
├── figures/
│ └── fit.png # 插图
└── sections/
├── abstract.tex # 摘要
├── intro.tex # 引言
├── method.tex # 方法
├── result.tex # 实验结果
└── conclusion.tex # 结论
main.tex: Project Skeleton
The skeleton file does only three things: load packages, declare the title, and assemble them in order.
Example: main.tex
% ---------- Page and Basic Packages ----------
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{margin=2.5cm}
\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} % Math
\usepackage{graphicx} % Figures
\usepackage{booktabs, multirow} % Three-line tables
\usepackage[colorlinks=true, linkcolor=blue,
citecolor=blue, urlcolor=blue]{hyperref}
% ---------- Title Information ----------
\title{Research on Periodic Signal Fitting Based on the Least Squares Method}
\author{EXAMPLE}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\input{sections/abstract} % Abstract
\input{sections/intro} % Introduction
\input{sections/method} % Method
\input{sections/result} % Experimental Results
\input{sections/conclusion} % Conclusion
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{refs} % References
\end{document}
Section Contents
Each file is just a piece of ordinary body text; take the abstract and introduction as examples.
Example: sections/abstract.tex
This paper studies parametric modeling methods for periodic signals; based on the least squares criterion, it derives the sinusoidal model's
$y = A\sin(\omega x + \varphi) + c$estimation procedure,
and validates the effectiveness of the method on synthetic data.
Experiments show that under low-noise conditions, the fitting relative error is below 1%.\%。
\medskip
\noindent\textbf{Keywords:}least squares method; periodic signal; parameter estimation
\end{abstract}
Example: sections/intro.tex
Periodic signals are widely present in fields such as communications, vibration analysis, and biomedical engineering,
and parametric modeling of such signals is the common foundation of filtering, prediction, and compression~\cite{oppenheim1997}。
The classical least squares method provides a systematic solution framework for model parameter estimation~\cite{bjorck1996}。
The organization of this paper is as follows: Section~\ref{sec:method}presents the model and gives the solution steps,
reports the experimental results, and Section~\ref{sec:result}concludes the paper.\ref{sec:conclusion}Equations go in the method section, and figures and tables go in the experimental section — you've already seen all these patterns.
Example: sections/method.tex (Equations Section)
Example: sections/method.tex (Equations Section)
where
\begin{equation}\label{eq:model}
y = A \sin(\omega x + \varphi) + c,
\end{equation}
is the amplitude,$A$is the angular frequency,$\omega$is the initial phase,$\varphi$is the DC component.$c$The goal of parameter estimation is to minimize the residual sum of squares
For a fixed
\begin{equation}\label{eq:loss}
S(A, \omega, \varphi, c)
= \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( y_i - A \sin(\omega x_i + \varphi) - c \right)^2 .
\end{equation}
, Equation~$\omega$is a linear least squares problem with respect to the remaining parameters,\eqref{eq:loss}and can be directly solved by the normal equations.
Example: sections/result.tex (Figures and Tables Section)
Example: sections/result.tex (Figures and Tables Section)
In$[0, 2\pi]$points to generate synthetic data,$n = 200$and add Gaussian noise with a standard deviation of
.$0.05$The comparison between the fitted curve and the noisy sampling points is shown in Figure~
,\ref{fig:fit}and the error metrics under different noise levels are listed in Table~
Fitted curve (solid line) and noisy sampling points (scatter points)\ref{tab:err}。
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{figures/fit}
\caption{Root mean square error under different noise levels}
\label{fig:fit}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{Noise standard deviation}
\label{tab:err}
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
Relative error& 0.01 & 0.05 & 0.10 \\
\midrule
RMSE & 0.011 & 0.053 & 0.104 \\
refs.bib contains two reference entries; in the text, cite them with \cite{oppenheim1997} and \cite{bjorck1996} (see Article 9 for the complete syntax).& 1.1\% & 5.3\% & 10.4\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
Compilation and Output
Compilation and Output
First page output (title area, abstract and keywords, citation numbers in the introduction):
$ cd paper $ latexmk -xelatex main.tex # 一键完成（推荐） # 或者手动四步：xelatex → bibtex → xelatex → xelatex
Second page output (equation numbers and cross-references, floating figure, three-line table, conclusion, and references):
Check a few "traces of automation":
Change any citation or number, rerun latexmk once, and all the numbers update automatically — this is the "never manually check numbers again" document that ten articles of content have earned you.
Real World: Starting from a Template
Real World: Starting from a Template
Template Sources
| Where to Find | Features | Overleaf Template Gallery |
|---|---|---|
| Thousands of thesis, journal, and poster templates; open with one click | Overleaf → Templates | Journal official website |
| Journal Author Guidelines page | The format specified for submission; be sure to follow it | University thesis templates |
| University library / search GitHub for "university name + thesis" | Meets the university's format review requirements | Search collections such as awesome-latex |
| GitHub | Community-maintained collection of templates and resources | The one-sentence principle for using templates: |
Only fill content into the placeholders; don't change the template structure. The unreadable preamble settings in the template are formats that others have tuned; deleting or changing one may break everything.Summary
Summary
| Practice in this article | Project organization |
|---|---|
| main.tex skeleton + sections/ for chapter files + figures/ for images | Preamble |
| Body text elements | geometry、amsmath、graphicx、booktabs、hyperref |
| Abstract, sections, equations, figures and tables, cross-references, and references | Compilation |
| latexmk -xelatex completes it in one command | Efficiency tip |
| For real submissions, use the official template; only fill in content, don't change the structure | Other extensions |